Study Finds that Global Warming Exacerbates Refugee Crises

Higher temperatures increase the number of people seeking asylum in the EU.

The refugee crisis – particularly in the Mediterranean area – has received large amounts of new attention in the past few years, with people fleeing from Syria and entering the European Union emblematic of the problem.  There has been some research connecting this refugee problem with changes to the climate.  In particular, the years preceding the Syrian refugee crisis were characterized by a severe drought that reduced farm output and led to economic and social strife there.

Separating out the influences of climate change from general social instability may be impossible, because they are intimately linked.  But we do know that climate change can cause social and economic instability.  We also know that these instabilities can boil over into larger problems that lead to mass exodus.  The problem isn’t knowing the connection between climate and refugees exists – rather the problem is quantifying it.

All of this is important because we want to be able to plan for the “now” as well as the “tomorrow.”  If we are already seeing climate-related migrations, can you imagine what’s in store in the next few decades as temperatures and extreme weather continue to increase?

A very recent publication appearing in the journal Science investigates this complex subject. The paper, Asylum Applications Respond to Temperature Fluctuations, was published by Anouch Missirian and Wolfram Schlenker from Columbia University.  It focused not just on Syria and the Mediterranean area, but expanded their study to be worldwide.

The researchers identified 103 countries that contributed to asylum applications to the European Union.  Collectively, these nations submitted 350,000 applications to the EU per year.  The authors combed the weather histories from these 103 source sites and explored how the weather varied in the 2000–2014 time period. 

They found that when temperatures in agricultural areas and seasons at the source countries varied away from an optimal value (of about 20°C (68°F)], the number of people seeking asylum increased.  And the increase wasn’t just proportional.  They found it was nonlinear, meaning that initial increases in temperature only mildly changed the asylum application numbers.  But as temperatures varied more and more, the number of seekers increased more quickly.

After making this connection to observations, the authors then projected into the future.  Using a collection of climate models that are able to predict Earth’s future climate, the authors estimated that on a business-as-usual emissions pathway (where countries don’t meaningfully reduce greenhouse gas emissions), asylum applications will increase by almost 200% by the end of the century.  On the other hand, under a modest warming scenario, where humans take some meaningful action to reduce emissions, the increase falls to about 30%.  Again, this shows that what humans do today to combat climate change really matters.

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